ВІД ЧОГО ЗАЛЕЖИТЬ ТИП НОЧІВЕЛЬНОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ? ПРИКЛАД ВОРОНОВИХ ПТАХІВ

О. О. Брезгунова

Анотація


Для представників родини воронові Corvidae відомі різні типи ночівельної поведінки. Одні види формують колективні ночівлі, інші – ночують поодиноко, парами чи у складі сімейної групи. На основі аналізу власних та літературних даних оцінювали зв’язок між типом ночівельної поведінки воронових та систематичною позицією і низкою особливостей біології окремих видів. Виявлено статистично значущий зв’язок між типом ночівельної поведінки та систематичною позицією виду (χ2=52,65, df =22, p<0,001, n=56). З’ясовано, що наявність чи відсутність колективних ночівель залежить від гніздового біотопу (χ2=35,5, df =5, p<0,001, n=56): ті види, які гніздяться в лісах та на узліссях здебільшого колективно не ночують. Встановлено залежність типу ночівель від сталого зв’язку птахів з видами рослин, від запасання насіння яких залежить і виживання взимку, і характер переміщень особин (χ2=9,55, df =1, p=0,002, n=48). Зокрема, види, що сильно прив’язані до певних видів рослин (приміром, горіхівки, сойки), найчастіше колективні ночівлі не формують. Знайдено кореляцію між типом ночівель та наявністю вираженої міграційної поведінки (χ2=8,28, df=1, p=0,004, n=51). Всі види, що є мігруючими чи кочовими, утворюють ночівельні скупчення. Застосування критерію хі-квадрат дало змогу продемонструвати, що види, для яких є характерним кооперативне розмноження хоча в одній з популяцій, колективні ночівлі утворюють нечасто (χ2=4,27, df =1, p=0,039, n=32). Встановлено зв’язок між типом ночівельної поведінки та типом гніздування (χ2=10,14, df =4, p=0,038, n=52). Зокрема, всі без винятку види, що гніздяться колоніально, формують колективні ночівлі, тоді як серед видів, що гніздяться окре мими парами чи по декілька пар в межах гніздової території, типи ночівель різняться. У роботі обговорюються гіпотези, що пояснюють існування колективних ночівель на прикладі воронових птахів, а саме гіпотеза зниження ризику хижацтва, збільшення кормової результативності, зменшення терморегуляційних витрат та соціальна гіпо теза (формування пар, дисперсія ювенільних птахів тощо).

Ключові слова


колективні ночівлі, воронові птахи, біотоп, кооперативне розмноження, колоніальність

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34142/2708-5848.2023.25.2.04

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