КОЛІЗІЇ ПРО «ЗНАЧЕННЯ» В ФІЛОСОФІЇ МОВИ АНАЛІТИЧНОЇ ТРАДИЦІЇ СУЧАСНОЇ ФІЛОСОФІЇ
Анотація
В статті розглядаються дискусії про проблему значень в філософії мови аналітичної традиції сучасної філософії. Вони є неоднозначними, відбуваються в формально-логічній площині і тягнуть специфічний метафізичний дискурс, в них залучається розгляд проблеми істини; синтаксичний, семантичний та прагматичний рівні мови і мовлення. Видається виправданим радикальний скептицизм про значення, відмова від активного оперування концептом значення мовних виразів в філософських розробках взагалі, і в філософії мови, зокрема. Для обґрунтування такої позиції залучаються ідеї Л. Вітгенштайна та мінімалістський підхід до проблеми істини П. Хорвіча.
Ключові слова: філософія мови, аналітична традиція, мова, мовлення, значення, істина.
In the article the discussions about the problem of meaning in the philosophy of language of analytic tradition of contemporary philosophy are considered. They are ambiguous, take place in the formal logical plane and presuppose a special metaphysical discourse; involve elaborations about the problem of truth; syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels of language and speech. It seems acceptable to postulate radical skepticism about meaning of linguistic expressions, avoid any active operation with the concept of meaning in philosophical investigations in general, and in philosophy of language, in particular. To justify such a position we appeal to some ideas of L. Wittgenstein and to minimalistic approach about the problem of truth of P. Horwich. Scientific study of language and language in use are considered in the philosophy of language. It could strive to clarify meanings of natural languages as well as meanings of artificial formal languages. The use of language can be private (in a conscious thought) and public (even institutionalized) – in communication. Language always has representational character. Linguistic sentences represent the world (in portions) as being in a certain way. Assertive utterance represents the world to be in a way it describes it. Representational contents of sentences depend on their grammatical structure and other technical linguistic properties. Representational content of a sentence is its meaning and depends on representational contents of its parts, constitutive elements.Studying of meanings involves relationship between meaning and truth of linguistic unit (sentence). The systematic study of meaning requires a framework for specifying the truth conditions of sentences. The basis for the finding of these conditions is provided by syntactic structure of a sentence and the representational contents of its parts. The latter has semantic scope. Four main logical systems of the beginning of XXth century, by G. Frege, B. Russell, A. Tarski, R. Carnap, were devoted to formally analyze the meaning and truth of linguistic expressions with the primary attention to the syntactic level. Elaborations of them lead to recognize the lack of semantics, interconnectedness between syntactic and semantic levels of semiotics (as a general theory of signs, the third part of which is pragmatics, and it was brought into attention of philosophers of language and logicians a bit latter). In the middle of XXth century philosophical analyses of language concentrate on context-sensitivity and intensionality of natural languages. There appeared context-sensitive intensional logical systems, possible world’s semantics. Outstanding examples of such elaborations are provided by logical systems of S. Kripke, R. Montague, D. Lewis, R. Stalnaker, D. Kaplan. This time, modal concepts like «necessary», «possible», «could», «would», temporal and indexical notions were paid attention to, which enriched the framework for studying meaning. But new challenges, including metaphysical, were aroused. The status of contents or meanings, that are expressed by sentences appeared problematic in both streams of dealing with it: as possible world states and as propositional attitudes. Further, from the side of philosophy of mind the question about how meanings are related to cognitive (mental) states came to the fore. Linguistic expressions are relevant only in the process of their realization. So their value consists in particular realization of our ability to utter something. And this value is the only instance of their significance. Mostly meanings are just titles. Meaning as a philosophical category is redundant. Linguistic expression is significant in every realization of it by a speaker. We mean in the process of particular speech realization of a linguistic expression. Our words mean, but do not have meaning. Meaning is a linguistic, speech acting. When we analyze a content of linguistic expression, we consider how it was meaningfully used, how it meant, not the meaning it refers to. At the same time there could be some special context when we operate with the process of linguistic meaning conceptually, analyze it as a possible sample. Utterance is understood in a broad sense of expression. We can produce the utterance in a given context. Apart from the situation where it is used it has no such a status of significance. Linguistic expressions are relevant only in the process of their accomplishing.
Key words: philosophy of language, analytic tradition, language, speech, meaning, truth.
В статье рассматриваются дискуссии о проблеме значения в философии языка аналитической традиции современной философии. Они являются неоднозначными, имеют место в формально-логической плоскости и обуславливают специальный метафизический дискурс; затрагивают рассмотрение проблемы истины; синтаксический, семантический и прагматический уровни языка и речи. Представляется оправданным радикальный скептицизм про значения языковых выражений, отказ от активного оперирования концептом значения в философских разработках вообще, и в философии языка, в частности. Для обоснования такой позиции берутся во внимание идеи Л. Витгенштейна и минималистский подход к проблеме истины П. Хорвича.
Ключевые слова: философия языка, аналитическая традиция, язык, речь, значение, истина.
Повний текст:
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.164603
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